Voyage en Inde, (1771), 1997, p.222-225.].

Anquetil Du Perron  gives in French the contents of the engravings on copper plaques or “olles” of a series of local privileges concerning taxes, land rights, rights to purchase and sell, rights to ride on elephants, the Christian church’s right to punish those it considered guilty, granted around 800 AD, by Scharan Peroumal or Ayyan Atikal, the Travancore Raja who resided at Cranganor [Kodungalloor], and written down by “the second king Tama”, in part at the temple of Vaikom [south west of Cochin on the road to Kottayam], and in part at the palace of Iringalakkuda [close to Kodungalloor, north of Cochin].  

According to Anquetil, these privileges granted by the Kodungalloor Raja were received in writing by an Armenian merchant (of the Syrian Christian Church), named Thomas Knaye around 800 AD, to the sound of  drums, trumpets and gunshots.  Although the authenticity of the text of these privileges is not quite certain,  it is what Anquetil claims was communicated to him by the Syrian Christian clergy of the Cochin area in January 1758. [Voyage en Inde, (1771), 1997, p.222-225.].

Tracing an ancient trading route - KERALA - The Hindu

Tracing an ancient trading route - KERALA - The Hindu

Vellalas from South as Maritime Traders

In ancient China, during the Spring and Autumn Period (722 BC–481 BC), large rectangular-based barge-like ships with layered decks and cabins with ramparts acted as floating fortresses on wide rivers and lakes. These were called 'castle ships' ('lou chuan'), yet there were 4 other ship types known in that period, including a ramming vessel. During the short-lived Qin Dynasty (221 BC-207 BC) the Chinese sailed south into the South China Sea during their invasion of Annam, modern Vietnam.

During the Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD), a ship with a stern-mounted steering rudder along with masts and sails was innovated, known as the junk in Western terminology. The Chinese had been sailing through the Indian Ocean since the 2nd century BC, with their travels to Kanchipuram in India.

The spice trade refers to the trade between historical civilizations in Asia, Northeast Africa and Europe. Spices such as cinnamon, cassia, cardamom, ginger, pepper, and turmeric were known, and used for commerce, in the Eastern World well into antiquity. Opium was also imported. These spices found their way into the Middle East before the beginning of the Christian Era, where the true sources of these spices was withheld by the traders, and associated with fantastic tales. Prehistoric writings and stone age carvings of neolithic age obtained indicates that India's South West Coast path, especially Kerala had established itself as a major spice trade centre from as early as 3000 B.C, which marks the beginning of Spice Trade (History of Kerala) and is still referred to as the land of spices or as the Spice Garden of India.
he Portuguese colonial settlements saw traders such as the Gujarati banias, South Indian Chettis, Syrian Christians, Chinese from Fujian province, and Arabs from Aden involved in the spice trade.